THE SUN
CAME LAST
JAMES L. BAKER
NEW DATA CHALLENGES THE AGES OLD
THEORY THAT THE SUN FORMED
BEFORE THE PLANETS
CHANDRA G292.0+1.8
This photograph was taken from the internet. It is not intended to be the Pre-solar Nebula that formed our Solar System, but rather to show zones of the various elements that
had to have existed to produce what is here.
“For me, it is far better to grasp the Universe as it really is than to persist in delusion, however satisfying and reassuring.”
CARL SAGAN
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
JAMES LEWIS BAKER
RETIRED AEROSPACE ENGINEER
James Baker is a retired Aerospace Engineer whos career spanned from the beginning on the manned space program until the last years of the Space Shuttle program. Most of his work involved cryogenic liquid rocket fuel propellants. His areas of expertise were testing and analysis of fluid flow systems. After retiring in 1996, he became involved in producing fuel alcohol as a way to reduce pollution in the atmosphere. This activity, in a roundabout way, led to his interest in planetary formation. His evaluations of existing theories for the formation of the solar system were found to be badly lacking. He discovered that a workable model could be developed by reversing the current theories that build the Sun first and then the planets. The resulting theory is called a Twenty First Century Theory since all of the other theories since the 1700’s have been Sun-first theories. This theory was ten years in development.
PREFACE
This document was prepared for one purpose only – to prove that the SUN was the last body built in the Solar System – not the first. My name is James Lewis Baker. I am a retired Aerospace Engineer who worked on all of the space programs from before Saturn until the last Shuttle flight. After I retired, I became interested in how our planet formed. That led me to start reading what had been written about the Solar System and that led me to a study that has lasted over 15 years. The Solar System is made up of chemical elements such as hydrogen, iron, silicon, oxygen, etc. These elements may be products of starbursts which are the province of cosmologists, but they are also the elements engineers work with in one form or another. Building the Solar System did not require consideration of dark matter, dark energy or Higgs Bosons. Once the materials that are needed to make what is here were gathered together in a nebula, all that was required was for the basic laws of physics, chemistry, and thermodynamics to be obeyed.
This book does not include a bibliography or list of references because none of the Sun-first theories contained any thoughts to build upon. All of the equations and numerical data I needed are readily available in Wikipedia. That is not to imply that many highly imaginative ideas have not been presented by many scientists. It was just that those scientists were trying to accomplish the impossible. You cannot build a Solar System around an existing Sun.
INTRODUCTION
The basic concepts herein are those of the author. The approach below presents a natural, orderly process for building the Solar System.
When anyone looks at the sky and sees a huge, magnificent object like the Sun, it is only natural to assume the Sun is the parent of its domain. The Sun has always been worshiped as a god, and the planets are like children. Why would anyone think otherwise? It has always been assumed that the Sun came first. Scientists starting from the assumption that the Sun formed first have come up with various ways to build a star. Generally, they have a dust cloud collapse inward and then the nuclear furnace fires up. However, they run into real problems when they try to explain how the planets formed. Building planets is a whole different ball game. It is very difficult to come up with a way to make a planet by packing dust together. Almost every month or so, it seems that the science media comes up with a new planet formation theory. I have read several of the papers, published books, science magazines and Formation of the Solar System in Wikipedia. None of these theories deliver the finished products. They would be lucky if they produced a dust ball. Planets like ours must end up in near circular orbits around the Sun, rotate, have molten centers, and a planet like Earth must end up with all sorts of special features.
There are obvious clues that we can see that the Sun had to have come last. Mainly, these are the counterclockwise (CCW) rotations of our planets and their distances from the Sun. If the Sun had formed first, then all the planets, including Earth, should spin clockwise (CW) as observed from the North Star. And how did they speed up to orbital velocities? Proponents of the dust theory claim a CCW rotation of the planets would result from conservation of angular momentum since the nebula rotated CCW. This defies both math and fluid flow analysis. The orbital velocity of material orbiting a massive object like the Sun is slower the farther the material is from the center. As a result of this velocity gradient, any material that merged while in orbit around the Sun would have ended up rotating CW, not CCW as do the planets. Conversely, any material that merges in a CCW revolving cloud of material without a massive central object like the Sun will end up rotating CCW. In order to get our eight planets to spin CCW they had to have formed before the Sun. That was when the building material farthest out from the nebula’s center had a higher velocity than that near the center.
"There is no physical law that makes it
essential for the Sun to form before the planets.
The process below explains how the Sun and
planets did form, and for that matter,
the moons and asteroids."
JAMES L. BAKER
A five-step process produces exactly the Solar System we have today. The following steps may sound too simple or too revolutionary but are the only processes that produce what is here today.
THE SUN IN FIVE STEPS
STEP 1
THE PRESOLAR NEBULA
A Solar Burst obviously provided the material that ended up in the PSN. The material was at an extremely high temperature and in a rotating spherical cloud. The cloud was 10 billion miles across, rotated once every 356 years (C3) and rotated CCW as viewed from the North Star.
It is important to have a clear picture of the state of the PSN before tackling the formation of the Sun and planets. We begin this theory after the material that formed the Solar System was produced by a Solar Burst and then separated from the mother cloud. How it separated is for cosmologists who are far more knowledgeable than I to explain. One thing is certain though, the part that became our Solar System contained all of the elements in quantities that were sufficient to build the Solar System. The constituents of the PSN had to be essentially the same as those of the Sun since the Sun ended up containing 99.8% of the mass in the Solar System. The Sun’s mass is
made up of 73.46% hydrogen, 24.85% Helium, 0.77% Oxygen, 0.29% Carbon, .09% Nitrogen and 0.16% Iron. The remaining 0.4% was made up of the rest of the elements. The 0.16% for Iron sounds small, but it amounts to over 500 times the mass of the earth. The material in the PSN eventually cooled to temperatures where gases existed as molecules. The lighter atoms were oxidized first and the last to oxidize was H2. Iron and the noble metals never oxidized. That was the most amazing feature of the process. After the water was formed, NO Oxygen molecules existed in the Solar System. The Oxygen was consumed by the vast amount of free Hydrogen molecules. (The Oxygen-free condition lasted until Life came around. That subject will be discussed later.)
STEP 2
THE MOLTEN MATERIALS MERGED AND
FORMED ASTEROIDS
As the mineral molecules and metal atoms cooled, they eventually merged due to gravity and formed millions of asteroids. These asteroids were still in the very hot molten form and those with iron in them were surround by water vapor, Hydrogen, CO2 and other free gases. Remember, there was no O2. Further proof of the noble-metal asteroid formation is the presence of pure noble metal deposits here on earth. Gold and the other noble metals didn’t just gather together in spots by chance. Pure unoxidized iron in the center of the Earth is another proof of single-element asteroids forming. Gravity obviously did not pull planets’ iron into their centers. There is not gravitational pull in the center of a body. If there was any force that pulled iron into the center, it had to have been magnetism.
STEP 3
GRAVITY MERGED THE ASTEROIDS
INTO PLANETESIMALS
The asteroids formed thousands of miles apart, so it would have taken many years for them to attract each other. Remember, the H2 would have outweighed the solid material by the same order as it does in the Sun. Gravity pulled asteroids together and merged them into moon-size objects (planetesimals), still in molten form. Thousands of these planetesimals would develop throughout the nebula. Each planetesimal would be surrounded by its shares of H2, H2O, CO2, and other gases.
STEP 4
PLANET FORMATION
Planetesimals merged and formed thousands of gas giant planets that were hundreds of millions of miles apart. Earth’s CO2 was nearly all absorbed by the ocean water after the newly formed Earth cooled sufficiently. There still was no Sun. The high-pressure CO2 was absorbed by the water, created carbonic acid and then the carbonic acid created our carbonates. A small amount of CO2 remained along with nitrogen gas. The planets continued where they were for a very long period and cooled to cryogenic temperatures before the Sun started forming. Since there was no Sun yet, possibly millions or even billions of years passed before the planets started forming the Sun. The surfaces of the planets cooled down sufficiently to solidify Nitrogen, CO2 and water. The Hydrogen and Helium that accumulated during formation would have stayed with the massive objects when they eventually spiraled into the forming Sun. Where else could they go?
STEP 5
GAS GIANTS MERGED
TO FORM THE SUN
This is the easy part. The Sun began its assembly near the center of the PSN. That is where orbiting masses would have the lowest angular momentum. Planetesimals and then planets formed first and merged to become the Sun, slowly at first and then faster near the final accretion. The incoming bodies each included their shares of the H2 which made up 80% of their masses.
As matter began to coalesce near the center of the PSN, the forming Sun started pulling in all of the mass above, below and nearby in the ecliptic plane All mass, no matter how large, above and below the forming Sun would eventually be pulled in toward the central mass. The gravitational pull on the forming Sun by masses around it would tend to cancel each other and the forming Sun would remain in place and continue to grow. This explains the Sun’s ending up with over 99.9% of the mass in the Solar System. The chaotic collisions during formation explain why the Sun has less angular momentum than its share of the Solar System’s mass warrants. Over time, thousands of these planets, moons, asteroids and their gases then spiraled into the center of the nebula and formed the SUN! As the planets near the center formed, the first large one was below and to the side of the nebula’s center. As the nearby planets and then the remainder of the thousands of planets spiraled to the off-center location, the Sun’s axis of rotation tilted away from the nebula’s axis. This shift established the Sun’s current ecliptic plane which is 23.5 degrees away from the Earth’s equatorial plane. Half of the planets still have the same axis angles as they had when they were formed. The others were changed by impacts that occurred during their formation.
The extremely high velocity impacts of the incoming planets prevented the Sun from attaining a high rotational rate. I have no feel for the timing of when the nuclear fires ignited on the Sun. Obviously, it lit up after the planets had completely formed and our eight planets were in orbit. Otherwise, the gases that our close-in planets have would have been blown off.
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Planets, including earth, were extremely far from the Sun when they began forming and experienced ever increasing pull toward the building Sun as it increased in mass. Mercury became the inner boundary of the mass that escaped the Sun. Mercury would have had the slowest circular velocity and shortest distance from the Sun when it formed and therefore would end up the closest to the Sun. The final orbital velocities of the planets are the results of the work done on them by the Sun’s gravity. The process of forming the planets is described in Step 5.
The only explanation I can come up with for the formation of moons is that they formed from asteroids and then came to the planets in the same way planets came to the Sun. They had to have been captured before the planets were in orbit around the Sun, or else they would revolve around the planets backward from the way they do revolve. As a planet grew it attracted moons in its equatorial plane and they went into orbit.
The theory that moons are knocked off a larger planet does not make sense because there are not any high-speed collisions like that. Such a collision would not put the moon into a circular orbit, but would send it off to who knows where. Also, there are too many moons in circular orbits around too many planets for the collision theory to make sense.
So why are the eight planets still here? As the sun was growing, eight planets that had formed far out in the ecliptic plane were spiraling in from beyond where Saturn is now. These planets reached their current orbits when the last planet inside Mercury and those above and below the Sun’s ecliptic plane fell into the Sun and the Sun stopped growing.
So why aren’t all the planets Gas Giants? Because when they arrived at their orbits, they were still below -400 degrees F. and covered with solid water(ice), solid carbon dioxide and solid nitrogen. Only Hydrogen and Helium were gases. Remember, there was no Oxygen. The Ttauri wind was what cleared the light gases from the four planets closest to the Sun. The four planets further out held onto their gases due to their large masses and great distances from the Sun.
Another mystery that has caused concern for scientists has been the tilted angles of the planets relative to the Sun’s ecliptic plane. This problem is not solvable with current dust collapse theories. With the Sun-last theory, it becomes obvious. The Sun did not form in the exact center of the nebula
Pluto’s unique orbit was also caused by the off-center formation of the Sun. Pluto’s original orbit around the nebula’s axis was circular and basically correct according to the Nebula’s total mass. However, when the gravitational pull on Pluto went higher and lower as it revolved around the Sun’s off-center location, this caused the unique elliptical orbit it has now.
The large gap between Mars and Jupiter which you would think should have been populated with planets is not easy to explain. I can only surmise that Jupiter, because of its great size captured most of what was in that space. Jupiter and the other outer planets began forming so far from the center of the nebula that they formed much like the Sun. The planetesimals along with their hydrogen and helium accreted to form these planets and remained with the planet. Jupiter was on its way to becoming a star but was in the wrong part of the nebula and the Sun won out since it was in the center of the PSN.
ROTATION OF PLANETS
Some of the planets, like earth, have high rotational angular momentums. The velocity at earth’s equator is 1670 kph (1000mph). This high spin rate requires more explanation than just saying it is the result of conservation of angular momentum. Analysis shows that a 5AU diameter cloud of the PSN material would have to collapse to make the earth’s mass (C8). If this was the way it occurred, then there should have been the same size earths formed throughout the PSN. As described earlier, the earth was almost certainly made up of the merger of many planetesimals. An analysis assuming ten planetesimals spun up by the combined gases and metals showed that they could provide enough angular momentum to equal the earth’s . However, the physics of the planetesimal mergers is very problematic. In order to add up to the earth’s rotational angular momentum, the planetesimals must be rotating at unsustainable rates. The energy of the rotating earth is several orders of magnitude less than the thermal energy stored in the earth’s core so little cooling resulted from the spin up. The spin up was possibly caused by the momentum of the returning gases after each planetesimal impact.
THE TTAURI
Carbon, like the metals, reacted with the oxygen ions to form CO2 in the same way as oxygen reacted to form the metal oxides. The difference was that the hot CO2 then spread throughout the PSN as a gas. CO2 dispersed throughout the PSN, along with the hydrogen, helium, oxygen and nitrogen. That is why CO2 shows up throughout the Solar System.
Vast quantities of CO2 were formed along with water and these along with the nitrogen, H2 and He collected around the asteroids due to gravity. Remember, all leftover Oxygen was used up to make water.
​
This is the point to discuss the Ttauri effect. The atmospheric gases were layers of ice on the planets’ surfaces and unaffected by the solar winds. Hydrogen and Helium would have been the only gases cleared by the Ttauri. The ices then liquefied and gasified due to the Sun’s radiation. This explanation provides a much more reasonable source for the atmosphere than other theories.
EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE AND
CARBON DEPOSITS
This subject is out of my area of expertise, but I thought I would throw it in just to challenge the coal-and-oil-from-dinosaurs and trees theory.
The previous description of the formation of the Earth described the events that generated the water vapor, N2, and CO2 in the atmosphere of the early Earth. The planets arrived in their orbits in the cryogenic state. The Hydrogen and Helium gases surrounded them until the tTauri cleared them away. Sometime after the tTauri, conditions on the Earth became somewhat stable. The Sun melted the water, N2, and CO2 ices, oceans formed, and the Earth became a warmer place. Large amounts of water, H2, He, N2, and CO2 arrived with the planets as described above. No unburned O2 remained after the mineral molecules and water formed. The planets were left with atmospheres that were predominately N2, and CO2. This conclusion can be estimated for earth from the quantities of N2, and carbonates that remained. The water in the oceans would have been highly acidic due to the high pressure of the CO2 in the atmosphere. The oceans would have been big vats of soda water. Calcium hydroxide and other chemicals probably converted much of the original CO2 to carbonates, but the O2 that was in the atmosphere had to have been generated by an additional process.
LIFE ON EARTH
Oxygen finally appeared when an Earth-changing event occurred: LIFE. You can attribute it to lightning, virus mutation, chance, material from space, or God, but it happened. One small algae-like plant, scum, appeared in the sea that could live by photosynthesis and multiply itself. There could be no hard-shelled life in the ocean at this time, due to the high acidity of the ocean. Since this little mother of us all had no competitors, no predators, and no other life forms to contend with, it spread like wildfire around the planet. This would have occurred over a really short period in geologic time since the scum had an almost infinite supply of CO2 to consume in the atmosphere above. Oxygen molecules were freed up by the photosynthesis process as the algae spread. As new algae covered over the earlier algae, the older died from lack of sunlight and built layer upon layer. The dead material could not break down by the carbon cycle process because there were no microbes or plant eaters yet. The hydrogen and oxygen in the dead material would eventually be released and return to the sea as water, but the carbon bound together and stayed behind under water. This process continued for a very long time until the CO2 in the atmosphere was nearly all consumed (0.038% is left in our air now). The amount of algae that had grown and piled up is a staggering number. We are talking 350 trillion tons of carbon. This would be a cube of coal 37 miles on a side. This amount of carbon would cover the entire Earth with a one ft. depth of coal. This carbon, rather than tropical plants and dinosaurs, probably is the source of much of the coal and oil deep in the earth’s crust. The algae based coal was formed millions of years before life on land. Plate tectonics would have buried much of that carbon. The conclusions above are based on the assumption that there were no other plausible sources for free oxygen on Earth besides CO2. I do not know of any other compound than CO2 that would release such a large quantity of oxygen. Sea life came later and piled up shells and coral on top of the coal along with sand. It is interesting to note that the amount of carbon in the CO2 and the carbonates in the earth’s surface is about the same as the amount of carbon in Venus’ atmosphere. Venus just never had any water and life to convert the CO2 to oxygen.
CONCLUSION
An old speech rule that I remember is “Tell them what you are going to tell them, tell them, and then tell them what you told them”. I wrote the chapters that you read in this book to explain how the Solar System formed. The Sun came last. That approach solved all construction problems.
I finally concluded that the Solar System had to have been made by a logical process and not by mysterious events. Early on, I decided that nothing made sense if you started with a dust cloud to build the Solar System. This led to an early conclusion that the Sun had to be the last item formed in the Solar System. Everything had to have come from the output of a starburst which produced the nebula we came from.
Building the Sun last allowed everything we see now to be made in a logical time-order.
So, that is the purpose of this book. It gives the only logical process of how the Solar System had to have been built.
THE END
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